![]() Beyond tissue sampling, to our knowledge, there is no clinically available test to assess tumor-associated macrophages in brain tumors. Macrophages also play an important role in tumor response to treatment, and studies ( 2, 6, 7) show a higher number of microglia and macrophages in brain tumors after chemotherapy and radiation therapy.īecause of the emergence of tumor-associated macrophage–targeted cancer immunotherapies and the identification of tumor-associated macrophages as a prognostic biomarker for overall survival, it is important to develop diagnostic tools that can detect and quantify tumor-associated macrophages in vivo. An association between tumor-associated macrophages and poor prognosis has been shown in several cancers including glioblastoma ( 5). Macrophages are a key component of the tumor microenvironment and play a substantial role in tumor angiogenesis, progression, and metastasis ( 1– 4).
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